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Quotes (Academic Theory)
Dialectic
Jacobins

AUTHOR

G. W. F. Hegel

SOURCE

The Science of Logic

Philosophy, if it would be a science, cannot borrow its method from a subordinate science like mathematics.
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Jacobins

AUTHOR

G. W. F. Hegel

SOURCE

The Science of Logic

We call dialectic the higher movement of reason in which utterly separate terms pass over into each other spontaneously.
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Aspect: 01. Genealogy
Jacobins

AUTHOR

G. W. F. Hegel

SOURCE

Encyclopaedia of The Philosophical (...)

Speculative [Dialectical] truth, it may also be noted, means very much the same as what, in special connection with religious experience and doctrines, used to be called Mysticism.
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Jacobins

AUTHOR

G. W. F. Hegel

SOURCE

The Science of Logic

It is of the highest importance to ascertain and understand rightly the nature of Dialectics. Wherever there is movement, wherever there is life, wherever anything is carried into effect in the actual world, there Dialectic is at work. It is also the soul of all knowledge which is truly scientific.
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Jacobins

AUTHOR

G. W. F. Hegel

SOURCE

The Science of Logic

[Dialectical] Science exhibits itself as a circle returning upon itself, the end being wound back into the beginning, the simple ground, by the mediation; this circle is moreover a circle of circles, for each individual member as ensouled by the method is reflected into itself, so that in returning into the beginning it is at the same time the beginning of a new member. Links of this chain are the individual sciences [of logic, nature and spirit], each of which has an antecedent and a successor – or, expressed more accurately, has only the antecedent and indicates its successor in (...)
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Aspect: 01. Genealogy
Jacobins

AUTHOR

G. W. F. Hegel

SOURCE

The Phenomenology of Spirit

In point of form Logical doctrine has three sides: (α) the Abstract side, or that of understanding; (β) the Dialectical, or that of negative reason; (γ) the Speculative, or that of positive reason. These three sides do not make three parts of logic, but are stages or ‘moments’ in every logical entity, that is, of every notion and truth whatever. They may all be put under the first stage, that of understanding, and so kept isolated from each other; but this would give an inadequate conception of them. The statement of the dividing lines and the characteristic aspects of logic (...)
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Aspect: 01. Genealogy
Marxists

AUTHOR

Karl Marx

SOURCE

Notebooks On Epicurean Philosophy

As Prometheus, having stolen fire from heaven, begins to build houses and to settle upon the earth, so philosophy, expanded to be the whole world, turns against the world of appearance. The same now with the philosophy of Hegel.
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Cultural

AUTHOR

Mao Zedong

SOURCE

On Dialectical Materialism

Hegel, who developed the system of dialectics, perceived dialectics in this manner. He saw the laws of dialectics not as being abstracted from the history of nature and society, but as a logical system in pure thought. After human thought has created this system, it imposes it on nature and society. Marx and Engels stripped away Hegel's mystical shell, discarded his idealism, and placed his dialectics on a material basis.
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Cultural

AUTHOR

Georg Lukacs

SOURCE

History & Class Consciousness

The revolutionary nature of Hegelian dialectics had often been recognised as such before Marx, notwithstanding Hegel’s own conservative applications of the method. But no one had converted this knowledge into a science of revolution. It was Marx who transformed the Hegelian method into what Herzen described as the ‘algebra of revolution’.
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Critical

AUTHOR

Herbert Marcuse

SOURCE

Eros And Civilisation

Western philosophy ends with the idea with which it began. At the beginning and at the end, in Aristotle and in Hegel, the supreme mode of being, the ultimate form of reason and freedom, appear as nous, spirit, Geist. At the end and at the beginning, the empirical world remains in negativity- the stuff and the tools of the spirit, or of its representatives on earth. In reality, neither remembrance nor absolute knowledge redeems that which was and is. Still, this philosophy testifies not only to the reality principle which governs the empirical world, but also to its negation. The (...)
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Postmodern

AUTHOR

Michel Foucault

SOURCE

The Archaeology of Knowledge

This epistemological mutation of history is not yet complete. But it is not of recent origin either, since its first phase can no doubt be traced back to Marx.
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Postmodern

AUTHOR

Jacques Derrida

SOURCE

Specters of Marx

Marxism remains at once indispensable and structurally insufficient: it is still necessary but provided it be transformed and adapted to new conditions and to a new thinking of the ideological, provided it be made to analyze the new articulation of techno-economic causalities and of religious ghosts, the dependent condition of the juridical at the service of socio-economic powers or States that are themselves never totally independent with regard to capital [but there is no longer, there never was just capital, nor capitalism in the singular, but capitalisms plural - whether State or private, real or symbolic, always linked to spectral (...)
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Feminism

AUTHOR

Simone De Beauvoir

SOURCE

Second Sex

Certain passages where Hegel’s dialectic describes the relationship of master to slave would apply far better to the relationship of man to woman. The Master’s privilege, he states, arises from the affirmation of Spirit over Life in the fact of risking his life: but in fact the vanquished slave has experienced this same risk, whereas the woman is originally an existent who gives Life and does not risk her life; there has never been combat between the male and her; Hegel’s definition applies singularly to her. “The other [consciousness] is the dependent consciousness for which essential reality is animal life, (...)
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Queer

AUTHOR

Judith Butler

SOURCE

Gender Trouble: Feminism And (...)

A political genealogy of gender ontologies, if it is successful, will deconstruct the substantive appearance of gender into its constitutive acts and locate and account for those acts within the compulsory frames set by the various forces that police the social appearance of gender. To expose the contingent acts that create the appearance of a naturalistic necessity, a move which has been apart of cultural critique at least since Marx, is a task that now takes on the added burden of showing how the very notion of the subject, intelligible only through its appearance as gendered, admits of possibilities that (...)
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Education

AUTHOR

Henry Giroux

SOURCE

Marxism And Schooling: The (...)

The failure of the working class to assume the role of the historical agent of revolution, the failure of existing socialisms in Eastern Europe and other parts of the world to provide and demonstrate an emancipatory vision, and the appearance of new social movements that have redefined the meaning of domination and emancipation appear to have dealt Marxism in all of its forms a mortal blow. Not only do the fundamental Marxist categories of class, history and economy fail to address or change the new social antagonisms that exist in society, they also fail to interrogate critically Marxism’s own implication (...)
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Education

AUTHOR

Paulo Freire

SOURCE

Politics of Education

One of the great merits of the Chinese Cultural Revolution was its rejection of static, anti-dialectical, or over conservative concepts of China's history. Here, there seems to be a permanent mobilization of the people in the sense of consciously creating and re-creating society. In China, to be conscious is not a slogan or a ready-made idea. To be conscious is a radical way of being, a way characteristic of humanity.
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Marxists

AUTHOR

Karl Marx

SOURCE

Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts (...)

My dialectic method is not only different from the Hegelian, but is its direct opposite.
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Aspect: 02. Definition
Marxists

AUTHOR

Karl Marx

SOURCE

Afterword To The Second (...)

With him it is standing on its head. It must be turned right side up again, if you would discover the rational kernel within the mystical shell.
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Aspect: 02. Definition
Marxists

AUTHOR

Karl Marx

SOURCE

Critique of German Ideology

In direct contrast to German philosophy which descends from heaven to earth, here we ascend from earth to heaven. That is to say, we do not set out from what men say, imagine, conceive, nor from men as narrated, thought of, imagined, conceived, in order to arrive at men in the flesh. We set out from real, active men, and on the basis of their real life-process we demonstrate the development of the ideological reflexes and echoes of this life-process.
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Aspect: 02. Definition
Marxists

AUTHOR

Fredrick Engels

SOURCE

On Dialectics

Dialectics constitutes the most important form of thinking for present-day natural science, for it alone offers the analogue for, and thereby the method of explaining, the evolutionary processes occurring in nature, inter-connections in general, and transitions from one field of investigation to another.
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Aspect: 02. Definition
Marxists

AUTHOR

Fredrick Engels

SOURCE

Socialism: Utopian & Scientific

Nature is the proof of dialectics, and it must be said for modern science that it has furnished this proof with very rich materials increasingly daily, and thus has shown that, in the last resort, Nature works dialectically and not metaphysically; that she does not move in the eternal oneness of a perpetually recurring circle, but goes through a real historical evolution.
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Aspect: 02. Definition
Cultural

AUTHOR

Mao Zedong

SOURCE

On Dialectical Materialism

Lenin said: Dialectics is the teaching which shows how opposites can be and how they happen to be (how they become) identical under what conditions they are identical, transforming themselves into one another, why the human mind should take these opposites not as dead, rigid, but as living, conditional, mobile, transforming themselves into one another.
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Aspect: 02. Definition
Cultural

AUTHOR

Mao Zedong

SOURCE

On Dialectical Materialism

The complete revolutionary theory of materialist dialectics was created by Marx and Engels, and developed by Lenin. To the present, with the victory of socialism in the Soviet Union and the period of world revolution, this theory has entered a new stage of development which has enhanced and enriched its content. The following categories included in this theory are, firstly:
The law of the unity of contradictions;
The law of the transformation of quality into quantity and vice versa;
The law of the negation of the negation.
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Aspect: 02. Definition
Cultural

AUTHOR

Georg Lukacs

SOURCE

History & Class Consciousness

Let us assume for the sake of argument that recent research had disproved once and for all every one of Marx’s individual theses. Even if this were to be proved, every serious ‘orthodox’ Marxist would still be able to accept all such modern findings without reservation and hence dismiss all of Marx’s theses in toto - without having to renounce his orthodoxy for a single moment. Orthodox Marxism, therefore, does not imply the uncritical acceptance of the results of Marx’s investigations. It is not the ‘belief’ in this or that thesis, nor the exegesis of a ‘sacred’ book. On the (...)
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Aspect: 02. Definition
Critical

AUTHOR

Herbert Marcuse

SOURCE

Reason And Revolution

Hegelian logic, dialectic has appeared as a universal ontological law, which asserts that every existence runs its course by turning into the opposite of itself and producing the identity of its being by working through the opposition. But a closer study of the law reveals historical implications that bring forth its fundamentally critical motivations. If the essence of things is the result of such process, the essence itself is the product of a concrete development, 'something which has become. And the impact of this historical interpretation shakes the foundations of idealism.
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Aspect: 02. Definition
Critical

AUTHOR

Herbert Marcuse

SOURCE

Reason And Revolution

Within the Science of Logic, it is the Doctrine of Essence that provides the basic concepts that emancipate dialectical logic from the mathematical method.
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Aspect: 02. Definition
Postmodern

AUTHOR

Jacques Derrida

SOURCE

Specters of Marx

Deconstruction has never had any sense or interest, in my view at least, except as a radicalization, which is to say also in the tradition of a certain Marxism, in a certain spirit of Marxism. There has been, then, this attempted radicalization of Marxism called deconstruction (and in which, as some have noted, a certain economic concept of the differantial economy and of exapropriation, or even of the gift, plays an organizing role, as does the concept of work tied to differance and to the work of mourning in general)
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Feminism

AUTHOR

bell hooks

SOURCE

Feminist Theory: From Margin (...)

One of the most affirming aspects of feminist movement has been the formation of an intellectual environment where there has been sustained dialectal critique and exchange. Hearing the voices of radical thinkers (among them the voices of women of color), the face of feminist theory and practice changed. (...) There has been no other movement for social justice in our society that has been as self-critical as feminist movement. Feminist willingness to change direction when needed has been a major source of strength and vitality in feminist struggle. That internal critique is essential to any politics of transformation. Just as (...)
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Aspect: 02. Definition
Race (CRT)

AUTHOR

Blake Emerson

SOURCE

Dialectic of Color-Blindness

This article has developed White dialectics, or the tensions that White people experience as dominant group members in the United States, as a new framework to understand and intervene with White students and counsellor trainees. We believe that these White dialectics extend counselling psychology and Whiteness research and have potential to catalyse research and intervention with White students and counsellor trainees. We hope that future research and intervention will continue to examine these White dialectics to effectively promote White antiracist behaviour in our quest for racial justice.
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Aspect: 02. Definition
Education

AUTHOR

Paulo Freire

SOURCE

Politics of Education

Since it is always a process, knowing presumes a dialectical situation: not strictly an “I think“, but a “we think“. It is not the “I think“ that constitutes the “we think“, but rather the “we think“ that makes it possible for me to think. In epistemological terms, the object of knowledge isn't a term of knowledge for the knowing subject, but mediation of knowledge. Since this theme is my focus here, it cannot mark the end of my act of knowing. It serves as the appropriate object, establishing a knowing relationship between me and my potential readers as knowing subjects.
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Aspect: 02. Definition