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Originally having grown out of the civil rights movement in the USA, studies of bias motivated offending, hate incidents and speech have burgeoned more recently in the UK and Europe. Beyond Europe hate studies have also expanded as evidenced by the breadth of papers presented at the International Network for Hate Studies conferences 2018 and 2020. Official categories of hate victims based on perceived identities, have expanded to include legally protected characteristics and officially recognised police categories of disability, race, religion or belief, sexual orientation and transgender identity (Sherry, 2010; James, 2015; McBride, 2018). In addition, empirical research in this area has encompassed other communities such as the homeless, goths and sex workers (Wachholz, 2005; Garland, 2010; Ellison and Smith, 2017), as well as noting the intersectional nature of identities and hate offending